Soybean cultivar 35398S4

ABSTRACT

A novel soybean cultivar, designated 35398S4, is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds of soybean cultivar 35398S4, to the plants of soybean 35398S4 and to methods for producing a soybean plant produced by crossing the cultivar 35398S4 with itself or another soybean variety. The invention further relates to hybrid soybean seeds and plants produced by crossing the cultivar 35398S4 with another soybean cultivar.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a new and distinctive soybean cultivar, designated 35398S4. There are numerous steps in the development of any novel, desirable plant germplasm. Plant breeding begins with the analysis and definition of problems and weaknesses of the current germplasm, the establishment of program goals, and the definition of specific breeding objectives. The next step is selection of germplasm that possess the traits to meet the program goals. The goal is to combine in a single variety an improved combination of desirable traits from the parental germplasm. These important traits may include higher seed yield, resistance to diseases and insects, better stems and roots, tolerance to drought and heat, and better agronomic quality.

Choice of breeding or selection methods depends on the mode of plant reproduction, the heritability of the trait(s) being improved, and the type of cultivar used commercially (e.g., F₁ hybrid cultivar, pureline cultivar, etc.). For highly heritable traits, a choice of superior individual plants evaluated at a single location will be effective, whereas for traits with low heritability, selection should be based on mean values obtained from replicated evaluations of families of related plants. Popular selection methods commonly include pedigree selection, modified pedigree selection, mass selection, and recurrent selection.

The complexity of inheritance influences choice of the breeding method. Backcross breeding is used to transfer one or a few favorable genes for a highly heritable trait into a desirable cultivar. This approach has been used extensively for breeding disease-resistant cultivars. Various recurrent selection techniques are used to improve quantitatively inherited traits controlled by numerous genes. The use of recurrent selection in self-pollinating crops depends on the ease of pollination, the frequency of successful hybrids from each pollination, and the number of hybrid offspring from each successful cross.

Each breeding program should include a periodic, objective evaluation of the efficiency of the breeding procedure. Evaluation criteria vary depending on the goal and objectives, but should include gain from selection per year based on comparisons to an appropriate standard, overall value of the advanced breeding lines, and number of successful cultivars produced per unit of input (e.g., per year, per dollar expended, etc.).

Promising advanced breeding lines are thoroughly tested and compared to appropriate standards in environments representative of the commercial target area(s) for three or more years. The best lines are candidates for new commercial cultivars; those still deficient in a few traits may be used as parents to produce new populations for further selection.

These processes, which lead to the final step of marketing and distribution, usually take from eight to 12 years from the time the first cross is made. Therefore, development of new cultivars is a time-consuming process that requires precise forward planning, efficient use of resources, and a minimum of changes in direction.

A most difficult task is the identification of individuals that are genetically superior, because for most traits the true genotypic value is masked by other confounding plant traits or environmental factors. One method of identifying a superior plant is to observe its performance relative to other experimental plants and to a widely grown standard cultivar. If a single observation is inconclusive, replicated observations provide a better estimate of its genetic worth.

The goal of plant breeding is to develop new, unique and superior soybean cultivars. The breeder initially selects and crosses two or more parental lines, followed by repeated selfing and selection, producing many new genetic combinations. The breeder can theoretically generate billions of different genetic combinations via crossing, selfing and mutations. The breeder has no direct control at the cellular level. Therefore, two breeders will never develop the same line, or even very similar lines, having the same soybean traits.

Each year, the plant breeder selects the germplasm to advance to the next generation. This germplasm is grown under unique and different geographical, climatic and soil conditions, and further selections are then made, during and at the end of the growing season. The cultivars which are developed are unpredictable. This unpredictability is because the breeder's selection occurs in unique environments, with no control at the DNA level (using conventional breeding procedures), and with millions of different possible genetic combinations being generated. A breeder of ordinary skill in the art cannot predict the final resulting lines he develops, except possibly in a very gross and general fashion. The same breeder cannot produce the same cultivar twice by using the exact same original parents and the same selection techniques. This unpredictability results in the expenditure of large research monies to develop a superior new soybean cultivar.

Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection breeding methods are used to develop cultivars from breeding populations. Breeding programs combine desirable traits from two or more cultivars or various broad-based sources into breeding pools from which cultivars are developed by selfing and selection of desired phenotypes. The new cultivars are evaluated to determine which have commercial potential.

Pedigree breeding is used commonly for the improvement of self-pollinating crops. Two parents which possess favorable, complementary traits are crossed to produce an F₁. An F₂ population is produced by selfing one or several F₁ 's or by intercrossing two F₁ 's (sib mating). Selection of the best individuals may begin in the F₂ population; then, beginning in the F₃, the best individuals in the best families are selected. Replicated testing of families can begin in the F₄ generation to improve the effectiveness of selection for traits with low heritability. At an advanced stage of inbreeding (i.e., F₆ and F₇), the best lines or mixtures of phenotypically similar lines are tested for potential release as new cultivars.

Mass and recurrent selections can be used to improve populations of either self- or cross-pollinating crops. A genetically variable population of heterozygous individuals is either identified or created by intercrossing several different parents. The best plants are selected based on individual superiority, outstanding progeny, or excellent combining ability. The selected plants are intercrossed to produce a new population in which further cycles of selection are continued.

Backcross breeding has been used to transfer genes for a simply inherited, highly heritable trait into a desirable homozygous cultivar or inbred line which is the recurrent parent. The source of the trait to be transferred is called the donor parent. The resulting plant is expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent (e.g., cultivar) and the desirable trait transferred from the donor parent. After the initial cross, individuals possessing the phenotype of the donor parent are selected and repeatedly crossed (backcrossed) to the recurrent parent. The resulting plant is expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent (e.g., cultivar) and the desirable trait transferred from the donor parent.

The single-seed descent procedure in the strict sense refers to planting a segregating population, harvesting a sample of one seed per plant, and using the one-seed sample to plant the next generation. When the population has been advanced from the F₂ to the desired level of inbreeding, the plants from which lines are derived will each trace to different F₂ individuals. The number of plants in a population declines each generation due to failure of some seeds to germinate or some plants to produce at least one seed. As a result, not all of the F₂ plants originally sampled in the population will be represented by a progeny when generation advance is completed.

In a multiple-seed procedure, soybean breeders commonly harvest one or more pods from each plant in a population and thresh them together to form a bulk. Part of the bulk is used to plant the next generation and part is put in reserve. The procedure has been referred to as modified single-seed descent or the pod-bulk technique.

The multiple-seed procedure has been used to save labor at harvest. It is considerably faster to thresh pods with a machine than to remove one seed from each by hand for the single-seed procedure. The multiple-seed procedure also makes it possible to plant the same number of seeds of a population each generation of inbreeding. Enough seeds are harvested to make up for those plants that did not germinate or produce seed.

Descriptions of other breeding methods that are commonly used for different traits and crops can be found in one of several reference books (e.g., Allard, 1960; Simmonds, 1979; Sneep et al., 1979; Fehr, 1987).

Proper testing should detect any major faults and establish the level of superiority or improvement over current cultivars. In addition to showing superior performance, there must be a demand for a new cultivar that is compatible with industry standards or which creates a new market. The introduction of a new cultivar will incur additional costs to the seed producer, the grower, processor and consumer; for special advertising and marketing, altered seed and commercial production practices, and new product utilization. The testing preceding release of a new cultivar should take into consideration research and development costs as well as technical superiority of the final cultivar. For seed-propagated cultivars, it must be feasible to produce seed easily and economically.

Soybean, Glycine max (L), is an important and valuable field crop. Thus, a continuing goal of plant breeders is to develop stable, high yielding soybean cultivars that are agronomically sound. The reasons for this goal are obviously to maximize the amount of grain produced on the land used and to supply food for both animals and humans. To accomplish this goal, the soybean breeder must select and develop soybean plants that have the traits that result in superior cultivars.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the invention, there is provided a novel soybean cultivar, designated 35398S4. This invention thus relates to the seeds of soybean cultivar 35398S4, to the plants of soybean 35398S4 and to methods for producing a soybean plant produced by crossing the soybean 35398S4 with itself or another soybean line.

DEFINITIONS

In the description and tables which follow, a number of terms are used. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided:

Maturity. Plants are considered mature when 95% of the pods have reached their mature color.

Seed Yield (Bushels/Acre). The yield in bushels/acre is the actual yield of the grain at harvest.

Lodging Resistance. Lodging is rated on a scale of 1 to 9. A score of 9 indicates erect plants. A score of 5 indicates plants are leaning at a 45° angle in relation to the ground and a score of 1 indicates plants are laying on the ground.

Phytophthora Tolerance. Tolerance to Phytophthora root rot is rated on a scale of 1 to 9, with a score of 9 being the best or highest tolerance ranging down to a score of 1 which indicates the plants have no tolerance to phytophthora.

Emergence. This score indicates the ability of the seed to emerge when planted 3" deep in sand and with a controlled temperature of 25° C. The number of plants that emerge each day are counted. Based on this data, each genotype is given a 1 to 9 score based on its rate of emergence and percent of emergence. A score of 9 indicates an excellent rate and percent of emergence, an intermediate score of 5 indicates average ratings and a 1 score indicates a very poor rate and percent of emergence.

Iron-Deficiency Chlorosis. Plants are scored 1 to 9 based on visual observations. A score of 1 indicates the plants are dead or dying caused by iron-deficiency chlorosis, a score of 5 means plants have intermediate health with some leaf yellowing and a score of 9 means no stunting of the plants or yellowing of the leaves.

Brown Stem Rot. This is a visual disease score from 1 to 9 comparing all genotypes in a given test. The score is based on leaf symptoms of yellowing and necrosis caused by brown stem rot. A score of 9 indicates no symptoms. Visual scores range down to a score of 1 which indicates severe symptoms of leaf yellowing and necrosis.

Shattering. The amount of pod dehiscence prior to harvest. Pod dehiscence involves seeds falling from the pods to the soil. This is a visual score from 1 to 9 comparing all genotypes within a given test. A score of 9 means pods have not opened and no seeds have fallen out. A score of 5 indicates approximately 50% of the pods have opened, with seeds falling to the ground and a score of 1 indicates 100% of the pods are opened.

Plant Height. Plant height is taken from the top of soil to top of the plant and is measured in inches.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Soybean cultivar 35398S4 has superior characteristics and was developed from the cross 851008-021×895325. F₃ seed was advanced by the single seed decent method of breeding. In the fall of 1991, F₃ derived single plants were selected and harvested individually. These lines were tested in experimental plots in 1992 at Adel, Iowa. The highest yielding lines were retained for additional testing in 1993. A second year of testing was conducted during 1993 at four midwest locations where the lines were adapted. 35398S4 was advanced to the 1994 Elite trials at twelve locations and then to the 1995 Elite Trials at thirteen locations. In the fall of 1995, 200 F₆ derived single plants of 35398 were selected and harvested individually.

During 1996, these 200 plant rows were evaluated for maturity and other visual characteristics. Also during 1996, 35398 was evaluated at thirteen midwest locations.

Based on 1994-1996 Elite data on 35398 and plant row evaluations at Harlan, Iowa, selection 35398S4 was advanced to the 1997 Elite Trial.

Table 1 shows 1997 Elite Trial data from 13 locations.

Some of the criteria used to select in various generations include: seed yield, lodging resistance, emergence, disease tolerance, maturity, late season plant intactness, plant height and shattering resistance.

The cultivar has shown uniformity and stability for the traits, as described in the following variety description information. It has been self-pollinated a sufficient number of generations with careful attention to uniformity of plant type. The line has been increased with continued observation for uniformity.

Soybean cultivar 35398S4 has the following morphologic and other characteristics (based primarily on data collected at Adel, Iowa):

VARIETY DESCRIPTION INFORMATION

1. Seed Shape: Spherical Flattened (L/W ratio>1.2; L/T ratio=<1.2)

2. Seed Coat Color: (Mature Seed)--Yellow

3. Seed Coat Luster: (Mature Hand Shelled Seed)--Dull

4. Hilum Color: (Mature Seed)--Brown

5. Cotyledon Color: (Mature Seed)--Yellow

6. Leaflet Shape: Ovate

7. Leaflet Size: Medium

8. Leaf Color: Medium Green

9. Flower Color: Purple

10. Pod Color: Brown

11. Plant Pubescence Color: Light Tawny

12. Plant Types: Intermediate

13. Plant Habit: Indeterminate

14. Maturity Group: III

15. Relative Maturity: 3.5

16. Plant Lodging Score: 6.3

17. Plant Height: 79 cm.

18. Seed Content--% Protein: 36.1

% Oil: 19.5

19. Seed Size G/100 Seeds: 18.4

This invention is also directed to methods for producing a soybean plant by crossing a first parent soybean plant with a second parent soybean plant, wherein the first or second soybean plant is the soybean plant from the line 35398S4. Further, both first and second parent soybean plants may be from the cultivar 35398S4. Therefore, any methods using the cultivar 35398S4 are part of this invention: selfing, backcrosses, hybrid breeding, and crosses to populations. Any plants produced using cultivar 35398S4 as a parent are within the scope of this invention.

As used herein, the term "plant" includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cells of tissue culture from which soybean plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as pollen, flowers, seeds, pods, leaves, stems, and the like. Thus, another aspect of this invention is to provide for cells which upon growth and differentiation produce the cultivar 35398S4.

The cultivar 35398S4 is similar to Stine 3660 with numerous differences. For example, 35398S4 has brown hila while Stine 3660 has black hila. Additionally, 35398S4 has purple flowers while Stine 3660 has white flowers.

As shown in Table 1, soybean cultivar 35398S4 yields higher than BR65950RR, Stine 3264, CM3773 and Stine 3660 with the increase over all comparisons being significant at the 0.01 level of probability.

TABLES

In the table that follows, the traits and characteristics of soybean cultivar 35398S4 are compared to elite commercial soybeans of similar maturity. In Table 1 the year of the test is shown in the second column and the number of locations is in the third column and the number of observations is in the fourth column. Column 5 indicates the genotype and column 6 shows the mean yield in bushels per acre. Column 7 presents the t value and columns 8 and 9 present the critical t values at the 0.05% and 0.01% levels of significants, respectfully. Cultivar 35398S4 has superior yielding ability over all tested elite beans with a similar maturity rating.

                                      TABLE 1     __________________________________________________________________________     PAIRED COMPARISONS     Comp     # of                  # of       Mean     Critical                                           Critical     #    Year              Loc.                  Obs.                      Genotype                             Yield                                 t Value                                      t@.05                                           t@.01     __________________________________________________________________________     1    1997              13  38  35398S4                             50.8                                 3.11**                                      1.69 2.43                      BR65950RR                             47.5     2    1997              13  38  35398S4                             50.8                                 4.51**                                      1.69 2.43                      Stine 3264                             44.9     3    1997              13  38  35398S4                             50.8                                 4.54**                                      1.69 2.43                      CM3773RR                             45.1     4    1997              13  38  35398S4                             50.8                                 2.65**                                      1.69 2.43                      Stine 3660                             47.9     __________________________________________________________________________      *Significant at .05 level of probability      **Significant at .01 level of probability

DEPOSIT INFORMATION

A deposit of the Stine Seed Farm, Inc. proprietary soybean cultivar 35398S4 disclosed above and recited in the appended claims has been made with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110. The date of deposit was Oct. 23, 1998. The deposit of 2,500 seeds were taken from the same deposit maintained by Stine Seed Farm, Inc. since prior to the filing date of this application. All restrictions upon the deposit have been removed, and the deposit is intended to meet all of the requirements of 37 C.F.R. §1.801-1.809. The ATCC accession number is ATCC 203377. The deposit will be maintained in the depository for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the last request, or for the effective life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced as necessary during that period.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the invention, as limited only by the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A soybean seed designated 35398S4 and having ATCC Accession No.
 203377. 2. A plant or its parts produced by growing the seed of claim
 1. 3. Pollen of the plant of claim
 2. 4. An ovule of the plant of claim
 2. 5. A soybean plant having all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the soybean plant of claim
 2. 6. Tissue culture of the plant of claim
 2. 7. A soybean plant regenerated from the tissue culture of claim 6 wherein the regenerated soybean plant has all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of a plant grown from a soybean seed designated 35398S4.
 8. A method for producing a hybrid soybean seed comprising crossing a first parent soybean plant with a second parent soybean plant and harvesting the resultant hybrid soybean seed, wherein said first or second parent soybean plant is the soybean plant of claim
 2. 9. A hybrid seed produced by the method of claim
 8. 10. A hybrid plant or its parts produced by growing said hybrid soybean seed of claim
 9. 11. Seed produced from said hybrid plant of claim
 10. 